In pretty much any conversation about how science and reason are separate from faith and religion, inevitably the topic of Galileo and his heresy trial come up. Back in 1633, as almost anyone not still living in the dark ages knows, the great scientist Galileo published his findings that the earth rotates around the sun, contrary to Church teachings (that the sun rotates around the earth). The Inquisition found him guilty of heresy and forced him to recant his findings. It is a glowing example of how religion and superstition have no place in scientific and emperical studies, and how meddling by religion into areas of science leads to setback in understanding our environment, the universe, and the natural laws that guide them. Sorta like Intelligent Design mumbo-jumbo.
So it is with a very troubled brow that I read today an article on CNN.com about how Pope Benedict XVI is being told to stay away from the opening day of La Sapienza University in Rome, where he was scheduled to talk. Why was a prestigious world leader banned by protests from faculty and students alike?
Because he claimed back in 1990 (then as Cardinal Ratzinger) that the trial of Galileo was "reasonable and just":
http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/01/15/pope.protest/index.html?iref=newssearch
Quoting a philosopher, he has said "At the time of Galileo, the Church remained more loyal (or faithful) to reason than Galileo."
Excuse me? Did I just fall on my head? Did he just say in no uncertain terms that belief in an Earth-centered universe was reasonable and that scientific evidence should have been ignored and publically ridiculed? Has the Pope forgotten the last 370 years worth of scientific evidence supporting the modern understanding of our cosmos?
Oh my. And this is the man who followed a pope who said that the Theory of Evolution was a valid and church-supported theory. What's next? Are we to revert to alchemy and witch-burning, Your Holiness?
Personally, I had rather higher hopes for someone with "rat" in his given name.
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haha, looks like the pope is still stuck in the dark ages.
Wow. It's obvious that you do not know what you're talking about. Instead of believing the anti-religious propaganda, you should go back and study the case itself.
While working for a Catholic university, Galileo was trying to get his conclusions passed as scientific and theological law without having enough scientific evidence. The Church simply said that since he could not explain why there was no parallax shift if what he was saying was correct, he needed to simply state arguments for and against -- not declare conclusions without enough scientific evidence.
It didn't help matters that he insulted the pope -- an attack which even secular governments of the time understood as being treasonous. He wasn't tortured. In fact, he was treated quite well and had a servant to boot.
What Benedict was saying was that the Church then, as now, was supporting good science. Coming to conclusions without having enough evidence is good science.
When one considers that the pope has said mankind needs to have a Copernican view of its relation to the world, does it really make sense that he would believe that the sun revolves around the earth?
(In fact, the speech Benedict was criticised for was even more subtle in its invoking of relativity into the discussion -- meaning that one can say that the sun revolves around the earth depending upon its relative position to everything else.)
What I should have said in my previous comment was: "Coming to conclusions without having enough evidence is *not* good science."
(Yes, proofreading helps communication, doesn't it?)
Thanks for your remarks, Dutchcourage. Though I "obviously don't know what I am talking about," I am at least in the good company of at least 67 Italian professors and an unknown number of protestors, enough to make a pope change his mind about visiting.
Though it's true that Galileo asked for the Church to accept his findings, Pope Urban VIII insisted that Galileo publish his theory of heliocentrism alongside that of the official church Earth-centrist viewpoint, including a chapter by the Pope himself. A modern analogy would be if Billy Graham insisted that Richard Dawkins devote half of his next Evolution book to Intelligent Design, and not to favor evolution. How bizarre would that be? And yet, Galileo at least included the Pope's chapter. Nonetheless, he was still subjected to the Inquisition (minus torture), house arrest for the rest of his life, and his work banned from publication – along with all further works.
With all this in mind, somehow I don't think Pope Urban VII was concerned about "having enough evidence" or "good science". Those punishments were a long way from simply asking for Galileo to collect more data.
Here is his actual indictment, word for word, against Galileo (what Galileo is accused of). Funny, there isn't anything in there about "good science":
1. The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures.
2. The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal action, is also absurd, philosophically false, and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith.
If anyone else feels like educating themselves with "anti-church propaganda", here are some further resources about Galileo's Inquisition:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#Church_controversy
and here are excerpts from the actual Inquisition hearings, including Galileo's abjuration:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1630galileo.html
Strangely, The Holy See seems to have no comment on the Pope's change of plans:
http://www.vatican.va/phome_en.htm
While I am an atheist, evolutionist, and heliocentricist (not in the strictest sense of the term), I spent a semester on Galileo and have to agree with DC in part (this was 2 years ago, so please forgive me if I've omitted a detail or two). Of course hindsight is 20/20, and of course intellectuals today will side with history's victor, but (like with his theory of the tides being cause by the earth sloshing them about) due to the limitations of his technology Galileo did not have the evidence to defend his claims, and people like Cardinal Bellarmino made some pretty good counterarguments. Bellarmino was an intellectual and was quite capable of rational debate, unlike many religious types.
Of course, saying the Catholic Church gives a damn about good science when it conflicts with their beliefs, now or in the past, is another story. They do have a tradition of education, including in Aristotelian cosmology and physics, however, so it's not entirely fair to write them off to such an extent. Furthermore, there was not serious widespread persecution of scientists; the only one killed was Giordano Bruno for heresy and for refusing his multiple opportunities to recant, not because of his writings on science. (Again, not exactly a ringing endorsement for the Church.)
Anyway, as I recall it, the pope made no such demand about writing a chapter. He asked that Galileo present the arguments for both theories, but not advocate one over the other. Kind of like Creationism...you're right, ID would be a great and absurd analogy, except, depressingly, it pretty much actually happened.
In fact, many scholars of Galileo feel that he could've gotten away with his book had he not insinuated that Urban, who had actually been his friend up until that point, was a fool. He threw away his Jesuit allies as well, a politically braindead move. A genius, but an impulsive and crappy diplomat.
If that weren't enough, Rome had little influence where Galileo lived--it was more or less a separate country--and it's likely he could refused to go to Rome and avoided the house arrest business completely. (Speaking of which, Kepler avoided the Inquisition merely by not being Catholic, but GG remained loyal to the Church.) Anyway, torture wasn't even on the menu, and the pope did show his former friend compassion with the sentence.
There are several places a little more in-depth than Wikipedia. Galileo's conflicted relationship with the Church and its many representatives is a fascinating story, so it's well worth looking in to. My prof would recommend:
-Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
-The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History
-Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
-Letter to Grand Duchess Christina
-Galileo's Daughter
(I preferred D&O and GD. GA had the Inquisition documents as well as the surrounding correspondance and backstories, and DCTCWS is necessary to get a full handle on why the pope was pissed.)
So, do I think the Catholic Church is a good influence in the world or on science? Nope. But I do believe in giving acknowledgement where it's due...it's slightly more complicated than the Church being pigheaded and stupid hundreds of years ago. Benedict's statement is not completely unreasonable, but why he thinks his followers (much less his opponents) at large will be knowledgeable enough to discern those subtleties is beyond me. He's doing his church a disservice by reminding the world of one of the Church's darkest and most embarassing periods.
Well said, Emy. Thanks.
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ShoppingBlogging.com - [url=http://www.shoppingblogging.com]Online Shopping[/url] for Christmas
It appears each and every yr persons begin purchasing before and previously for Christmas. Final 12 several weeks I began in the starting of October and had all of the shows wrapped from the end within the month. This calendar year I began even sooner to carry benefit of the handful of outlets providing mid calendar year product sales.
Visit Now : Shopping Online
Why Store Before
Hunting previously has two principal benefits - obtaining more suitable bargains and avoiding the vacation rush. However it has its drawbacks as well. Numerous toy and game producers specially, only launch their most current solutions incredibly near towards the holidays. This usually means that if you're likely to store within the center of this calendar year, you won't have the ability to obtain the newest products within the marketplace. One way to obtain approximately this would be to pre-order. In reality pre-ordering solutions may even fetch you discount rates and totally free presents.
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But in a different instances, in case you maintain your eyes open, you are able to get much better discounts throughout the slow or off season, retail smart. Various mobile phone producers launch their most current designs throughout the center for this yr. This usually means that previous designs is going to be planning at rock bottom rates about two weeks prior to the launch in the replacement.
Some men and women carry buying previously for the severe but hunting appropriate right after the holidays of the following holidays. Post vacation product sales are at times even more suitable than pre-holiday revenue as departmental shops make an effort to obvious excess stock by providing ridiculous special discounts.
Needful Adjustments
Moving up Christmas hunting a handful of weeks will take to some extent adjustment, spending budget sensible, especially while in the initial yr within the timetable alter. However it doesn't carry a whole lot to obtain used to it. Its just a matter of retaining to some set routine of placing slightly money apart for exposes.
The Gift Conundrum
Apart from producing purchases all through revenue, obtaining in bulk can conserve you a lot of money. Its usually very good to break recipients into a couple of groups 1st - near loved ones, household, near good friends, good friends, colleagues - you receive the thought. Performing so permits you to organize your purchasing superior. That stated I only have two recipient groups - instant family subscribers and other people.
Obviously you'd wish to purchase additional private and thoughtful presents for that citizens closer for you. But for additional generic presents, I recommend pack purchasing, that is just like pack hunting, only nicer.
Pack buying right here signifies gathering a few of mates with comparable buying lists after which purchasing in bulk to carry benefit of economies of scale. I usually pack store with two other persons in relation to generic presents. You'll uncover that you could get unquestionably good presents like wine glasses at extremely awesome rates whenever you pack store.
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